Tuesday, July 05, 2005

My Journey: Why I Began To Use Picture Books In My High School English Classes

As an undergraduate, working on my B.Ed. in Secondary English, I took many interesting courses including Shakespeare, the English novel, Canadian literature, Greek and Roman Myths, and the short story. I also took a Classics in Children’s Literature course. I remember reading Charlotte’s Web and Winnie the Pooh, but there were no picture books.

After I graduated from university, I accepted a teaching position at a junior high school in Prince Rupert, British Columbia. I taught grade eight English. At that time, the literature I provided for my students was limited to the novels and textbooks which were either collecting dust on the book room shelves (because they were terrible), or falling apart from overuse. Again, there were no picture books.

My approach to teaching English was very traditional. My students all read the same pieces at the same time. They were asked to answer review questions to prove that they had done the required reading, and there was usually a comprehension test. We then began analyzing the plot, setting, theme and characterization, and we finished with my students writing an essay on one of these elements. I was not satisfied with the results of this type of study. The students gained knowledge, though often temporary, of some literary terms, but the experience was not enjoyable for the students, or for me. Also, any connections that were made between the literature and the students’ lives were usually decided on by me and therefore lacked real meaning for the students. Although I was not happy with my approach, I did not know what else I could do.

After teaching in Prince Rupert for two years, I moved to the lower mainland. I was hoping to find a position at a junior or senior high school, but there were very few jobs available at that level. Because of this, when I was offered a position teaching a grade six/seven class, I happily accepted. I did not think that teaching at this level would be too different from teaching grade eight. I spent all summer excitedly preparing for the new school year. I read every textbook, every recommended novel, and created what I thought was a dynamic unit for the fall.

After spending the first week getting to know my students, I received quite a shock. The school board had overstaffed. Our elementary school would be losing a teacher, and the classes would have to be reorganized. My first thought was that, due to lack of seniority, I was probably unemployed. However, my principal soon informed me that he would love for me to stay at the school, and this would be possible... if I would agree to teach a grade three/four class instead of the grade six/seven class I had planned for. I was panic stricken. I knew nothing about these little people. However, with great trepidation, I accepted the position.

I faced many new challenges as an elementary teacher. Almost all of the content was new to me, and I was now responsible for all the subject areas, not just English. In addition, I was expected to create thematic units by integrating these subjects. At first I was a little overwhelmed. However, with the help of a knowledgeable and supportive teacher-librarian, I was able to develop some wonderful thematic units, and to fill my classroom shelves with dozens of picture books, poetry anthologies, collections of short stories, novels and fact books that related to our themes. My students loved the variety. Everyone was able to find at least one book that he or she could read and enjoy, and often students would recommend books to one another. They were excited about reading and learning, and I was excited about teaching.

My experiences at the elementary school transformed my teaching, so when I went back to high school a couple of years later, I had a different perspective on teaching English: one that included a thematic approach and picture books.

How did you come to use picture books in your classroom?

Selecting Picture Books For Older Readers

In selecting picture books for my senior students I find Sunya Osborn’s (2001) criteria to be very helpful.

• Mature themes
• More complex illustrations than those that would be appreciated or understood by young readers
• More text or difficult text than would be appropriate for the short attention spans of young readers
• Subtle meanings beyond the understanding of younger readers
• Two levels of meaning - one for younger readers and one for older readers
• Fiction or non-fiction

Most of the books that I use meet these standards. Having said this, there are books that I use very successfully which do not, such as wordless picture books. I am also thinking of books like Wilfrid Gordon McDonald Partridge by Mem Fox. The text in this book is both short and simple; however, the message it shares is profound. So, while the criteria is useful as a general guide, we should not allow it to limit our choices.

What criteria do you use in selecting picture books?

How I Use Picture Books In My High School English Classes

How I Use Picture Books In My High School English Classes.

I use picture books to explore themes.

I choose books that “explore issues and themes to which my students [can] relate.” (Rynerson, 1992) In addition to picture books, my thematic approach also includes novels, short stories, poems, essays, songs and films. I have included a couple of examples for you. When I am teaching older students, I simply change the novels that are used. For my unit on aging/the elderly, I substitute The Stone Angel by Margaret Laurence and Old Friends by Tracy Kidder. For my unit on war, I substitute All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque and Obasan by Joy Kogawa.

Why do I teach thematically?

• Themes focus on a single topic that is of interest to students.
• Writing, reading, speaking, listening, and content can all be taught within the context of a theme.
• Themes can provide relevance for students.
• Themes can attract and maintain interest over a long period of time and can provide continuity for a series of activities.

Why do I include picture books?

• My students enjoy reading them.
• Many picture books deal with mature themes and issues readily understood by older readers.
• Picture books elicit thoughtful discussion and speculation.
• Even students with limited reading abilities are able to read and comprehend the picture books and participate in group and class discussions on theme.
• “Some of the very best writing may be found in picture books and should not be missed by young adults.” (Osborn, 2001)

I use picture books to introduce literature circles to my students.

Literature circles allow students to become more aware of different readings that they might not otherwise have considered. They also give students an opportunity to compare their own responses with others in the classroom. The students use written or drawn notes to guide both their reading and discussion, and discussion topics come from the students.

Most picture books can “be read in 15-30 minutes, leaving time for discussion, or another lesson activity afterward.” (Robin and Simpson, 2001) This makes them perfect vehicles for introducing literature circles to my students.

At my school, the classes are seventy-five minutes long, so I have enough time to carry out the following literature circle practice:

1. I share the picture book with my students.
2. Individually, I have them write down their initial reactions.
3. I discuss literature circle procedure with the whole class.
4. I organize them into groups of 4-5 students.
5. The circles discuss the picture book using their written notes as starting points.
6. A group reporter shares the group’s interpretation with the whole class.
7. We have a whole class discussion of the picture book.
8. Before the next class, the students reread, reflect upon, and write in response journals.

I use picture books as a way to have students illustrate what they have learned.

When my students have finished exploring a theme, they must each complete an independent research project. In order to honor multiple ways of knowing, I give them a choice of assignments (see below). One option I give my students is to create their own picture book. I encourage my students to work collaboratively as they study balances between texts and illustrations. I also make sure that there are plenty of models around the room so that they can see how professional authors and illustrators do it.

INDEPENDENT RESEARCH PROJECT

1. VISIT WITH SENIORS
Visit a home for seniors or a nursing home. Write about your impressions of that visit.

2. OLD AGE AND AGING - ANOTHER VIEW
Read one of the following and discuss the author’s treatment of old age and aging.

Clifford, Eth. The Rocking Chair Rebellion
MacLachlan, Patricia. Journey
Mazer, Norma Fox. A Figure of Speech
Voigt, Cynthia. Dicey’s Song

3. BOND BETWEEN GENERATIONS
Read children’s literature that illustrates the bond between the very young and the very old. Create your own picture book.

4. THE ELDERLY AND FILM
View one of the following films. Compare the director’s treatment of the elderly to Zindel’s portrait of Mr. Pignati.

Autumn Sonata
Cocoon
Lies My Father Told Me
On Golden Pond
The Company of Strangers
Trip to Bountiful

5. POETRY
Create a collection of poetry about the elderly. Include a written explanation of your choice of poems.

6. SONGS
Put together a cassette tape of songs about the elderly. Include a written explanation of your choice of songs.

7. MEDIA
Create a collage using pictures, articles and advertisements about the elderly. Include a written explanation of how the elderly are portrayed in the media.

In my Writing 12 class, I use “picture books as a model for writing and as spring-boards for [my students’] own writing projects”. (Robin and Simpson, 2001)

I have used wordless picture books to spark ideas for writing. Since the stories are told entirely through a sequence of illustrations, students are able to interpret them in their own way. Sector 7 and Free Fall, both by David Wiesner, are two books that I have used to give my students ideas and topics for writing.

I use Nick Bantock’s Griffin & Sabine to teach students about letter writing.

I use picture books as quick and easy examples to help my students understand the basic structure of stories.

How do you use picture books in your classroom?
Why do you use them?

Other Ways To Use Picture Books In High School English Classes

When I selected this topic for my virtual seminar, I thought that I was already doing a wonderful job of using picture books in my English classes. However, after much reading in preparation for my presentation, I came to see that there were many other ways that picture books could be incorporated. I am excited to try these next school year.

I could use picture books for reader’s theater. Because they are relatively short, picture books are a manageable size for students to use to create scripts. These could then be memorized and presented to the class (or a wider audience). Through reader’s theater, the students could “learn how to use voice and facial expressions, and how to engage an audience, along with learning how to tell a good story”. (Rief, 1992)

In addition to teaching my students about theme, I could use picture books to teach other literary elements including climax, point of view, foreshadowing, characterization, plot, tone, irony and satire.

“Many picture books, if not actually poems, border on poetry and can certainly teach some of poetry’s qualities”. (Heard, 1992) I could use picture books to teach students literary devices such as rhyme, rhythm, metaphor, simile and alliteration. I could also have my students turn the poems that they love into picture books or the picture books they love into poems.

I could use picture books to model peer editing. Talking about and analyzing picture books in class teaches students how to talk about one another’s writing as they work on and share their stories in peer writing groups.

I could use picture books as examples of different genres such as folk tales, fantasy and historical fiction.

Instead of presenting favorite novelists, poets or short story writers as part of an author share in Writing 12, my students could share their favorite picture book authors and illustrators.

I could even use picture books to teach my students about language. Rather than using notes and worksheets to teach my students grammar, I could use Kites Sail High by Ruth Heller. In this book, Heller teaches all about verbs using vibrant pictures, memorable imagery and vivid language. I could also use picture books to teach about use of dialogue, paragraphing, and punctuation.

Do you have any other suggestions for me?

Bibliography

Bishop, Rudine Sims and Hickman, Janet. (1992). Four or Fourteen or Forty: Picture Books Are for Everyone. In Susan Benedict & Lenore Carlisle (Ed.), Beyond Words: Picture Books For Older Readers and Writers (pp. 69-87). New Hampshire: Portsmouth.

Heard, Georgia. (1992). Poetry and Picture Books: The Door to the Woods. In Susan Benedict & Lenore Carlisle (Ed.), Beyond Words: Picture Books For Older Readers and Writers (pp. 69-87). New Hampshire: Portsmouth.

Ludlam, David. (1992). Picture Books After Eighth Grade. In Susan Benedict & Lenore Carlisle (Ed.), Beyond Words: Picture Books For Older Readers and Writers (pp. 69-87). New Hampshire: Portsmouth.

Osborn, Sunya. (2001). Picture Books for Young Adult Readers. The Alan Review. 28(3).

Rief, Linda. (1992). Good Children’s Literature Is for Everyone, Even Especially Adolescents. In Susan Benedict & Lenore Carlisle (Ed.), Beyond Words: Picture Books For Older Readers and Writers (pp. 69-87). New Hampshire: Portsmouth.

Robin, Henry and Simpson, Carol. (2001). A Match Made In Heaven. Teacher Librarian 28(3).

Rynerson, Barbara Bagge. (1992). Whoa! Nigel, You’re a Wild Thing! In Susan Benedict & Lenore Carlisle (Ed.), Beyond Words: Picture Books For Older Readers and Writers (pp. 69-87). New Hampshire: Portsmouth.

Tuesday, June 14, 2005

Sample Thematic Units Including Picture Books